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Kronstadt rebellion
The Kronstadt rebellion () was a major unsuccessful uprising against the Bolsheviks in the later years of the Russian Civil War. Led by Stepan Petrichenko and consisting of Russian sailors, soldiers, and civilians, the rebellion was one of the reasons for Vladimir Lenin's and the Communist Party's decision to loosen its control of the Russian economy by implementing the New Economic Policy (NEP).
The rebellion originated in Kronstadt, a naval fortress on Kotlin Island in the Gulf of Finland that served as the base of the Russian Baltic Fleet and as a guardpost for the approaches to Petrograd, away.
==Economic background==
By 1921, the Bolsheviks were winning the Russian Civil War and foreign troops were beginning to withdraw, yet Bolshevik leaders continued to keep tight control of the economy through the policy of War Communism.〔Morcombe, Smith. ''The Spirit Of Change: Russia in Revolution'', 2010. p. 165.〕 After years of economic crises caused by World War I and the Russian Civil War, the Bolshevik economy started to collapse.〔 Industrial output had fallen dramatically, it is estimated that the total output of mines and factories in 1921 was 20 percent of the pre-World War I level, with many crucial items experiencing an even more drastic decline. Production of cotton, for example, had fallen to 5 percent and iron to 2 percent of the pre-war level, coincided with droughts in 1920 and 1921 and the Russian famine of 1921.〔("The Kronstadt Mutiny notes on Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy (1996)" ),〕 Discontent grew among the Russian populace, particularly the peasantry, who felt disadvantaged by Communist grain requisitioning (''prodrazvyorstka'', forced seizure of large portions of the peasants' grain crop used to feed urban dwellers) and as a result often refused to till their land. In February 1921, there were over one hundred peasant uprisings. The workers in Petrograd were also involved in a series of strikes, caused by the reduction of bread rations by one third over a ten-day period.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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